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Might be that rubber hose is breaking down on the inside and the fiber comes from it? Never saw man made fiber come out of a well in my life? Lots of sand, red iron bacteria, sulfur smell and dirt. The pressure gauge can get stuck and clogged up. Rust from the metal fittings will happen over time on reason I like Schedule 40 PVC/CPVC for my plumbing.
 

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You mentioned sand and I have the same problem as my well is 350' deep thru all rock after 19 feet of soil. I have replaced a pump in 10 yrs because of wear to the impellers. Sand will wear on anything rubber including the pressure tank rubber bladder. Easy to check the pressure bladder tank by just seeing if water comes out letting some air out and then letting the system go to no water pressure then test tank at air fill and set to 38 PSI if your start is 40 PSI. I would try to put a extra sediment filter before the pressure tank(Right off the well output) to keep the sediments from going into the tank bladder. It will last a lot longer this way.
 

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The Bladder is made out of rubber with out fibers. Took to many apart in the past just to see inside what went wrong. Most were because of a leak and rust getting in the air chamber and wearing the bladder out real quick as it rubs on the surface expanding and contracting as it works. I have seen black and yellow colored bladders. The yellow ones got real stiff over time and seemed to just blow out? Most tanks have a bolted on bottom so the bladder can be put inside the steel tank. PS I just changed out a pressure switch for a neibor that was defective being clogged up a damaged Pressure Gauge damaged due to freezing. The pressure switches are cheap enough to just replace due to they can stick on when bad also and I just don't chance cleaning them for like $30.00 verses what can happen if they stick at the wrong time on or off. Looking at your pictures it appears the cartrige filters are after the pressure switch? Here is a picture of the internal hose breaking down maybe showing fibers like what your dealing with? Tree Hand Fossil
A article on it I found.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/View-a-shows-the-fracture-surface-of-Section-1-see-Fig-3-and-the-fracture-origin_fig4_259172858 When you replace this hose to see, split it with a razor knife and take a look inside it and see if it was the cause. I have a pressure blow off valve on my system incase the switch sticks as my 13 stage pump can put out 400 PSI lifting water 350 ft up and if it stuck I could have a mess. The relief valve is connected to a pipe going outside the pump house.
 

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Last time I had to pull my pump I had a wire chaffed about 200 ft down the casing. 2nd time was a pin hole in the pipe at the top. On the wire problem I decided to replace the wire with new but I pulled the wire inside 350' of 3/4" Poly Pipe using a electrical fish tape to pull it inside the pipe. Then I attached it to the drop pipe as I re/installed the pump. That solved the problem and protects the expensive wire inside the casing. I had to pull the pump in the middle of winter with snow on the ground. That was handy it kept the 350 ft of pipe, wire and pump from getting dirty by laying in a big loop on my driveway. Cost me nothing but some sweat to pull my pump just the fixing of the problem is sometimes money related.
 
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